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.3.3.3Reflexive pronouns (stressed)Reflexive pronouns refer to the object or other complement of a verb, when it isthe same person as the subject.This is expressed in English by the use of `-self'(`himself, `ourselves' etc.).Here are the stressed (emphatic) forms (for the unstressed forms, see 3.4.2):me (stesso/a) `myself noi (stessi/e) `ourselves'te (stesso/a) `yourself voi (stessi/e) `yourselves'sé (stesso/a) `him/herself sé (stessi/e) `themselves'The use of stesso, to increase the emphasis given to the pronoun, is optional.(It is not necessary to omit the accent on sé when it is followed by stesso,although many writers do.)Dovrebbe criticare sé stesso invece di dare la colpa agli altri.He ought to be more critical of himself instead of putting the blame onothers.Ama il prossimo tuo come te stesso.Love thy neighbour as thyself. 84 MODERN ITALIAN GRAMMAR3.4Unstressed personal pronounsThe most common way to refer to somebody or something, without mentioningthem explicitly, is to use unstressed pronouns (see Chapter 18).Because they arealways used in conjunction with a verb, they are also called conjunctivepronouns.The unstressed pronouns can be direct or indirect object, reflexive, orpartitive, depending on their relationship with the verb.The unstressed pronouns are always used without a preposition.(With apreposition e.g.a, da, di, con, per, the stressed forms should always be used.)Their normal position is before the verb.When the verb is in the infinitive,imperative, gerund or participle, however, the pronouns are attached to the endof the verb:Pronto! Mi senti? Sì, ti sento bene!Hello! Can you hear me? Yes, I can hear you well!Dammi lo zucchero.Il cafffè mi piace dolce.Give me the sugar.I like my coffee sweet.Non dirglielo.Glielo dirò io.Don't tell her (it ).I'll tell he r (it).Although, in writing, these pronouns are separate words, when we speak theycombine with the verb, which usually comes immediately after, so they soundlike a single utterance (misènti, tisènto).When they follow the verb, they areactually attached to it, in writing as well as in speech (dammi, dirglielo).Thisshows how closely pronoun and verb are linked.3.4.1Direct object pronounsDirect object pronouns are those used with transitive verbs (see Chapter 2).Theyindicate the thing, person or entity which the action of the verb directly affects,in other words, its `object', and are much more frequently used than the stressedpronouns seen above.mi `me' ci `us'ti `you' vi `you' (plural)lo `him, it' li `them'la `her, it' le `them'La `you' (formal) STRUCTURES 853.4.2Indirect object pronounsWe use the indirect object pronouns to indicate that the action of a verb is aimedat or to something or somebody (see Chapter 18).The forms are as follows:mi `to me' ci `to us'ti `to you' vi `to you' (plural)gli `to him' gli (loro²) `to them'le `to her'Le `to you' (formal)²In written Italian, and occasionally in formal spoken Italian, the pronoun loro(coming after the verb) can be used instead of gli.3.4.3Reflexive pronounsThe unstressed reflexive pronouns are the following:mi `myself ci `ourselves'ti `yourself vi `yourselves'si `himself/herself si `themselves'Notice how in the first and second person, the unstressed pronouns (mi, ti, ci,vi) are identical in form.Only in the third person, are the indirect object, directobject and reflexive pronouns different from each other: lo/gli/si, la/le/si, li/gli/si, le/gli/si.The reflexive pronouns have the same function as the direct object pronounsseen above, but are used when the object and the subject of the verb are the sameperson.Io mi lavo (Io lavo me stesso) tutte le mattine alle 7.I wash (myself) every morning at 7 a.m.Guardati allo specchio!Look at yourself in the mirror!I miei figli si stanno preparando per gli esami.My children are getting (themselves) ready for the exams. 86 MODERN ITALIAN GRAMMARIn addition to this genuinely reflexive use, these pronouns are also used with thevarious pronominal forms of verbs (see 2.1.7).3.4.4NeNe used as partitiveIn the examples below, the pronoun ne is called partitive because it refers to apart or quantity of something or somebody:Desidera del pane?Would you like some bread?Si, ne vorrei un chilo.Yes, I would like one kilo (of it).È squisito questo gelato.Vuoi assaggiarne un po ?This ice-cream is delicious.Would you like to taste a little bit (of it)?Oggi sono arrivate molte telefonate.Solo io ne ho ricevute dieci.Today we have had a lot of telephone calls.I alone have had ten (ofthem).Oggi sono arrivati molti clienti.Solo io ne ho ricevuti cinque.Today a lot of customers have come.I myself have seen five (of them).Ne is therefore used almost always with an indication of quantity.It may be anumber, a specification of weight or length, or a pronoun, for example molto,poco, troppo, abbastanza, un po & (for more examples see Chapter 11).Ne is invariable (does not change form).It may refer to any noun (masculine,feminine, singular or plural).Notice however that, although invariable in form, ne`reflects' the noun to which it refers.In fact, in the compound tenses, the pastparticiple generally agrees with the noun that ne represents, as in the last twoexamples above (see 3.4.7).Notice also how ne occupies the same position in the sentence as the otherunstressed pronouns: before the verb (or after an infinitive, certain imperativeforms, the gerund and participle: see 3.4).Other uses of neThere are a few cases in which ne is used without a `partitive' meaning.(a) Meaning di questo& di quello, but without any reference to quantity:Non ho comprato quella macchina e me ne pento [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.3.3.3Reflexive pronouns (stressed)Reflexive pronouns refer to the object or other complement of a verb, when it isthe same person as the subject.This is expressed in English by the use of `-self'(`himself, `ourselves' etc.).Here are the stressed (emphatic) forms (for the unstressed forms, see 3.4.2):me (stesso/a) `myself noi (stessi/e) `ourselves'te (stesso/a) `yourself voi (stessi/e) `yourselves'sé (stesso/a) `him/herself sé (stessi/e) `themselves'The use of stesso, to increase the emphasis given to the pronoun, is optional.(It is not necessary to omit the accent on sé when it is followed by stesso,although many writers do.)Dovrebbe criticare sé stesso invece di dare la colpa agli altri.He ought to be more critical of himself instead of putting the blame onothers.Ama il prossimo tuo come te stesso.Love thy neighbour as thyself. 84 MODERN ITALIAN GRAMMAR3.4Unstressed personal pronounsThe most common way to refer to somebody or something, without mentioningthem explicitly, is to use unstressed pronouns (see Chapter 18).Because they arealways used in conjunction with a verb, they are also called conjunctivepronouns.The unstressed pronouns can be direct or indirect object, reflexive, orpartitive, depending on their relationship with the verb.The unstressed pronouns are always used without a preposition.(With apreposition e.g.a, da, di, con, per, the stressed forms should always be used.)Their normal position is before the verb.When the verb is in the infinitive,imperative, gerund or participle, however, the pronouns are attached to the endof the verb:Pronto! Mi senti? Sì, ti sento bene!Hello! Can you hear me? Yes, I can hear you well!Dammi lo zucchero.Il cafffè mi piace dolce.Give me the sugar.I like my coffee sweet.Non dirglielo.Glielo dirò io.Don't tell her (it ).I'll tell he r (it).Although, in writing, these pronouns are separate words, when we speak theycombine with the verb, which usually comes immediately after, so they soundlike a single utterance (misènti, tisènto).When they follow the verb, they areactually attached to it, in writing as well as in speech (dammi, dirglielo).Thisshows how closely pronoun and verb are linked.3.4.1Direct object pronounsDirect object pronouns are those used with transitive verbs (see Chapter 2).Theyindicate the thing, person or entity which the action of the verb directly affects,in other words, its `object', and are much more frequently used than the stressedpronouns seen above.mi `me' ci `us'ti `you' vi `you' (plural)lo `him, it' li `them'la `her, it' le `them'La `you' (formal) STRUCTURES 853.4.2Indirect object pronounsWe use the indirect object pronouns to indicate that the action of a verb is aimedat or to something or somebody (see Chapter 18).The forms are as follows:mi `to me' ci `to us'ti `to you' vi `to you' (plural)gli `to him' gli (loro²) `to them'le `to her'Le `to you' (formal)²In written Italian, and occasionally in formal spoken Italian, the pronoun loro(coming after the verb) can be used instead of gli.3.4.3Reflexive pronounsThe unstressed reflexive pronouns are the following:mi `myself ci `ourselves'ti `yourself vi `yourselves'si `himself/herself si `themselves'Notice how in the first and second person, the unstressed pronouns (mi, ti, ci,vi) are identical in form.Only in the third person, are the indirect object, directobject and reflexive pronouns different from each other: lo/gli/si, la/le/si, li/gli/si, le/gli/si.The reflexive pronouns have the same function as the direct object pronounsseen above, but are used when the object and the subject of the verb are the sameperson.Io mi lavo (Io lavo me stesso) tutte le mattine alle 7.I wash (myself) every morning at 7 a.m.Guardati allo specchio!Look at yourself in the mirror!I miei figli si stanno preparando per gli esami.My children are getting (themselves) ready for the exams. 86 MODERN ITALIAN GRAMMARIn addition to this genuinely reflexive use, these pronouns are also used with thevarious pronominal forms of verbs (see 2.1.7).3.4.4NeNe used as partitiveIn the examples below, the pronoun ne is called partitive because it refers to apart or quantity of something or somebody:Desidera del pane?Would you like some bread?Si, ne vorrei un chilo.Yes, I would like one kilo (of it).È squisito questo gelato.Vuoi assaggiarne un po ?This ice-cream is delicious.Would you like to taste a little bit (of it)?Oggi sono arrivate molte telefonate.Solo io ne ho ricevute dieci.Today we have had a lot of telephone calls.I alone have had ten (ofthem).Oggi sono arrivati molti clienti.Solo io ne ho ricevuti cinque.Today a lot of customers have come.I myself have seen five (of them).Ne is therefore used almost always with an indication of quantity.It may be anumber, a specification of weight or length, or a pronoun, for example molto,poco, troppo, abbastanza, un po & (for more examples see Chapter 11).Ne is invariable (does not change form).It may refer to any noun (masculine,feminine, singular or plural).Notice however that, although invariable in form, ne`reflects' the noun to which it refers.In fact, in the compound tenses, the pastparticiple generally agrees with the noun that ne represents, as in the last twoexamples above (see 3.4.7).Notice also how ne occupies the same position in the sentence as the otherunstressed pronouns: before the verb (or after an infinitive, certain imperativeforms, the gerund and participle: see 3.4).Other uses of neThere are a few cases in which ne is used without a `partitive' meaning.(a) Meaning di questo& di quello, but without any reference to quantity:Non ho comprato quella macchina e me ne pento [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]