[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.Biblical interpretation consisted now of catenae or quotations from the works of the Fathers, synoptically arranged.Dogmatics were built up on the basis of patristic authority.Pulpit eloquence modeled itself on the striking sermons of the Fathers, without, however, recapturing their fire.The great church historians, Eusebius, Socrates and Theodoretus, were succeeded by mere chroniclers, who wove together in their histories ecclesiastical and political events, or by compilers of legends, who aimed at the edification of the people rather than the preservation of historical truth.Polemical Theology alone made progress during the Middle Ages, thanks to the Church's struggles against heresy, and particularly against Rome.Mysticism fastened upon the ecclesiastical mind, and sought beneath the simplest manifestations of divine worship symbols of a higher significance.Generally speaking, the Mediaeval period was not creative; it acted, however, as guardian to an older sum of thought, which it transmitted to posterity.Here, in chronological order, are its principal representatives.Theology During the Iconoclastic Quarrels.The period of Iconoclastic troubles (700-850) was in the main destructive of sacred learning, which was pursued chiefly by the monks.But certain church writers distinguished themselves during that time, and chief among them John of Damascus and Theodore of Studium.John of Damascus (d.760) was a man remarkable for his profound learning and knowledge of the Greek tongue.Standing at the junction of ancient and mediaeval times, he embodied the former in his comprehensive erudition, and introduced the latter by his gift of method; he is often considered as the last of the great Greek Fathers.John of Damascus lived under the Iconoclastic Emperors, Leo the Isaurian and Constantine Copronymus, and died in the monastery of Saint Sabas in Palestine.The work for which he is chiefly remembered is In Defense of Images, in which he defends their use with logical and persuasive arguments; but he was not only a controversialist.He distinguished himself as a dogmatist with his Exposition of the Orthodox Faith; as an apologist by his defense of Christianity against Mohammedanism; as a preacher to whose eloquence his surviving sermons bear witness; and as a poet and hymnographer by works which are still chanted in our Church today, and for which he was surnamed “Chrysorroas.” Theodore of Studium (d.826) who flourished under the Iconoclastic Emperors Leo the Armenian and Michael the Stammerer, by whom he was flogged, chained and sent into exile, was the aristocratic abbot of the famous Monastery of Studium in Constantinople, and wielded with equal success both abbot's staff and scholar's pen.His catechisms, epistles, sermons and poems, which have been preserved for us, illustrate his erudition.Theology Under the Macedonian Emperors: Photius.The Iconoclastic age was followed by that of the Macedonian dynasty (850-1054), — a period of literary revival in the Byzantine Empire, during which even the Emperors themselves, such as Leo the Wise (d.911) and Constantine Porphyrogenitus (d.959) devoted themselves to letters, and composed among other things ecclesiastical hymns and sermons.On the threshold of this stands its most famous figure, Photius (d.891), who dominated all his contemporaries as the treasury of learning and the encyclopedia of all knowledge; whose judgment was equal to his erudition, and whose piety was only rivaled by his love for independence, so that even his enemies were reluctantly forced to admire him.His many-sided learning is mainly apparent in his Myriobiblon, in which he pronounces flawless criticisms on about three hundred works, — historical, geographical, philosophical, literary, mathematical, rhetorical, medical, and especially theological, — which he had read at various times, and of which many would be entirely unknown to us if he had not kept this record of them.His theological skill is exemplified by his Amphilochia, addressed to the Bishop of Cyzicus Amphilochus, and containing the solution of upward of eight hundred difficulties which the bishop had submitted to him; by his Letters, which are of great theological as well as historical importance; and by his treatise On the Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit.And his experience of legal affairs is demonstrated by his edition on the one hand of the Syntagma of Canon Law, and on the other of the Nomocanon, which contained the imperial laws in their relation to Sacred or Canon Law [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl matkasanepid.xlx.pl
.Biblical interpretation consisted now of catenae or quotations from the works of the Fathers, synoptically arranged.Dogmatics were built up on the basis of patristic authority.Pulpit eloquence modeled itself on the striking sermons of the Fathers, without, however, recapturing their fire.The great church historians, Eusebius, Socrates and Theodoretus, were succeeded by mere chroniclers, who wove together in their histories ecclesiastical and political events, or by compilers of legends, who aimed at the edification of the people rather than the preservation of historical truth.Polemical Theology alone made progress during the Middle Ages, thanks to the Church's struggles against heresy, and particularly against Rome.Mysticism fastened upon the ecclesiastical mind, and sought beneath the simplest manifestations of divine worship symbols of a higher significance.Generally speaking, the Mediaeval period was not creative; it acted, however, as guardian to an older sum of thought, which it transmitted to posterity.Here, in chronological order, are its principal representatives.Theology During the Iconoclastic Quarrels.The period of Iconoclastic troubles (700-850) was in the main destructive of sacred learning, which was pursued chiefly by the monks.But certain church writers distinguished themselves during that time, and chief among them John of Damascus and Theodore of Studium.John of Damascus (d.760) was a man remarkable for his profound learning and knowledge of the Greek tongue.Standing at the junction of ancient and mediaeval times, he embodied the former in his comprehensive erudition, and introduced the latter by his gift of method; he is often considered as the last of the great Greek Fathers.John of Damascus lived under the Iconoclastic Emperors, Leo the Isaurian and Constantine Copronymus, and died in the monastery of Saint Sabas in Palestine.The work for which he is chiefly remembered is In Defense of Images, in which he defends their use with logical and persuasive arguments; but he was not only a controversialist.He distinguished himself as a dogmatist with his Exposition of the Orthodox Faith; as an apologist by his defense of Christianity against Mohammedanism; as a preacher to whose eloquence his surviving sermons bear witness; and as a poet and hymnographer by works which are still chanted in our Church today, and for which he was surnamed “Chrysorroas.” Theodore of Studium (d.826) who flourished under the Iconoclastic Emperors Leo the Armenian and Michael the Stammerer, by whom he was flogged, chained and sent into exile, was the aristocratic abbot of the famous Monastery of Studium in Constantinople, and wielded with equal success both abbot's staff and scholar's pen.His catechisms, epistles, sermons and poems, which have been preserved for us, illustrate his erudition.Theology Under the Macedonian Emperors: Photius.The Iconoclastic age was followed by that of the Macedonian dynasty (850-1054), — a period of literary revival in the Byzantine Empire, during which even the Emperors themselves, such as Leo the Wise (d.911) and Constantine Porphyrogenitus (d.959) devoted themselves to letters, and composed among other things ecclesiastical hymns and sermons.On the threshold of this stands its most famous figure, Photius (d.891), who dominated all his contemporaries as the treasury of learning and the encyclopedia of all knowledge; whose judgment was equal to his erudition, and whose piety was only rivaled by his love for independence, so that even his enemies were reluctantly forced to admire him.His many-sided learning is mainly apparent in his Myriobiblon, in which he pronounces flawless criticisms on about three hundred works, — historical, geographical, philosophical, literary, mathematical, rhetorical, medical, and especially theological, — which he had read at various times, and of which many would be entirely unknown to us if he had not kept this record of them.His theological skill is exemplified by his Amphilochia, addressed to the Bishop of Cyzicus Amphilochus, and containing the solution of upward of eight hundred difficulties which the bishop had submitted to him; by his Letters, which are of great theological as well as historical importance; and by his treatise On the Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit.And his experience of legal affairs is demonstrated by his edition on the one hand of the Syntagma of Canon Law, and on the other of the Nomocanon, which contained the imperial laws in their relation to Sacred or Canon Law [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]