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.Mick LaSalle s ComplicatedWomen: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood discusses BayardVeiller s play and film The Trial of Mary Dugan.Starring NormaShearer in the title role, the 1929 movie (later reprised in 1941with Laraine Day in the title role) focuses on a woman with ashady past tried for murdering her employer.After a sensationaltrial, she was acquitted.281 bibliographic essay10.A Condemned WomanRichard Morales s 1980 doctoral dissertation from the Universityof California, A Woman's Regime: The History of the CaliforniaInstitution for Women, Tehachapi, 1927 1960, is the only defini-tive work ever done on the state s sole prison for female felons dur-ing the middle third of the twentieth century.Morales traces theprison s history beginning with the progressive period when clubwomen and reformers sought to rehabilitate rather than punishfemale prisoners who were then housed at the maximum-securitymen s prison at San Quentin.An early prison was built in Sonoma;after it burned down plans lay dormant for a decade until clubwomen prevailed upon the state legislature to approve a new siteat Tehachapi.From 1933 until an earthquake leveled the facility in1952 club women, wardens often female and state officials con-tinued their power struggle over prison administration.In 1944 thestate legislature put Tehachapi under the newly created Depart-ment of Corrections.In 1952 the women were relocated to Corona,near Riverside.Today female felons are housed in three separatefacilities one in Corona and two in the San Joaquin Valley.Florence Monahan, who spent four years as warden at the Cali-fornia Institution for Women, Tehachapi, wrote of her experiencesin Women in Crime (New York: Ives, Washburn, 1941).Though veryself-serving, the book provides fascinating insights into the at-titudes of women who spent their professional lives focused onfemale criminals.Virtually all of them maintained the belief that ifthey could just find the right combination they could direct prosti-tutes, check-kiters, union organizers, murderers, and the like to livesof domestic bliss.Not surprisingly they were often disappointed intheir charges and engaged in constant conflict with each other.At a time when women had few professional options, those who made it in the world of penology fiercely guarded their turf.San Quentin warden Clinton Duffy discussed the gruesome de-tails of execution in Eighty-Eight Men and Two Women.282 bibliographic essay11.An Abused WomanNo such phrase as battered women or abused spouse existedwhen Nellie Madison was tried and condemned to death.But evenwithout the ability to name her oppression she clearly under-stood the dire personal consequences for admitting her status as avictim of abuse.In that she resembled hundreds of other womenwhose stories began to be told in the late 1970s and early 1980swhen the second wave of feminists began to openly discuss spou-sal battering.Numerous scholars have delved into the tragic issue.Lenore Walker is a pioneer in the field.Her path-breaking 1979book The Battered Woman (New York: Harper & Row, 1979) hasgarnered criticism for making larger cultural assumptions basedon the stories of relatively few individual victims and for its overtlyfeminist viewpoint.But she was among the first to explode manyof the myths such as that virtually all battered women were poor,uneducated, incompetent, and mostly minorities which, shame-fully, fueled the legal system s longstanding unwillingness to takeon batterers.Nellie Madison fits into her argument, but not EricMadison.Walker argues that batterers tend to be inordinatelyjealous and to use sex as a way to gain power over their victims.Eric Madison was not jealous and appears not to have used sex asa weapon against either Nellie or his wife Georgia.Other booksexamining battering from a historical perspective include: LindaGordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Fam-ily Violence (New York: Viking, 1988) and David Peterson del Mar,What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cam-bridge: Harvard University Press, 1996).Though he focuses on thejudicial system in Battered Women in the Courtroom: The Power ofJudicial Responses (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999),James Ptacek examines the history of legal responses to spousalabuse in Massachusetts, which did not become a public issue untilfeminist pressure led to media coverage and then to glacial changesin the courts and judiciary [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Mick LaSalle s ComplicatedWomen: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood discusses BayardVeiller s play and film The Trial of Mary Dugan.Starring NormaShearer in the title role, the 1929 movie (later reprised in 1941with Laraine Day in the title role) focuses on a woman with ashady past tried for murdering her employer.After a sensationaltrial, she was acquitted.281 bibliographic essay10.A Condemned WomanRichard Morales s 1980 doctoral dissertation from the Universityof California, A Woman's Regime: The History of the CaliforniaInstitution for Women, Tehachapi, 1927 1960, is the only defini-tive work ever done on the state s sole prison for female felons dur-ing the middle third of the twentieth century.Morales traces theprison s history beginning with the progressive period when clubwomen and reformers sought to rehabilitate rather than punishfemale prisoners who were then housed at the maximum-securitymen s prison at San Quentin.An early prison was built in Sonoma;after it burned down plans lay dormant for a decade until clubwomen prevailed upon the state legislature to approve a new siteat Tehachapi.From 1933 until an earthquake leveled the facility in1952 club women, wardens often female and state officials con-tinued their power struggle over prison administration.In 1944 thestate legislature put Tehachapi under the newly created Depart-ment of Corrections.In 1952 the women were relocated to Corona,near Riverside.Today female felons are housed in three separatefacilities one in Corona and two in the San Joaquin Valley.Florence Monahan, who spent four years as warden at the Cali-fornia Institution for Women, Tehachapi, wrote of her experiencesin Women in Crime (New York: Ives, Washburn, 1941).Though veryself-serving, the book provides fascinating insights into the at-titudes of women who spent their professional lives focused onfemale criminals.Virtually all of them maintained the belief that ifthey could just find the right combination they could direct prosti-tutes, check-kiters, union organizers, murderers, and the like to livesof domestic bliss.Not surprisingly they were often disappointed intheir charges and engaged in constant conflict with each other.At a time when women had few professional options, those who made it in the world of penology fiercely guarded their turf.San Quentin warden Clinton Duffy discussed the gruesome de-tails of execution in Eighty-Eight Men and Two Women.282 bibliographic essay11.An Abused WomanNo such phrase as battered women or abused spouse existedwhen Nellie Madison was tried and condemned to death.But evenwithout the ability to name her oppression she clearly under-stood the dire personal consequences for admitting her status as avictim of abuse.In that she resembled hundreds of other womenwhose stories began to be told in the late 1970s and early 1980swhen the second wave of feminists began to openly discuss spou-sal battering.Numerous scholars have delved into the tragic issue.Lenore Walker is a pioneer in the field.Her path-breaking 1979book The Battered Woman (New York: Harper & Row, 1979) hasgarnered criticism for making larger cultural assumptions basedon the stories of relatively few individual victims and for its overtlyfeminist viewpoint.But she was among the first to explode manyof the myths such as that virtually all battered women were poor,uneducated, incompetent, and mostly minorities which, shame-fully, fueled the legal system s longstanding unwillingness to takeon batterers.Nellie Madison fits into her argument, but not EricMadison.Walker argues that batterers tend to be inordinatelyjealous and to use sex as a way to gain power over their victims.Eric Madison was not jealous and appears not to have used sex asa weapon against either Nellie or his wife Georgia.Other booksexamining battering from a historical perspective include: LindaGordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Fam-ily Violence (New York: Viking, 1988) and David Peterson del Mar,What Trouble I Have Seen: A History of Violence against Wives (Cam-bridge: Harvard University Press, 1996).Though he focuses on thejudicial system in Battered Women in the Courtroom: The Power ofJudicial Responses (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999),James Ptacek examines the history of legal responses to spousalabuse in Massachusetts, which did not become a public issue untilfeminist pressure led to media coverage and then to glacial changesin the courts and judiciary [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]