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.From a writerresponsible perspective, sequential progression appears complex, multifac-eted, and unfocused.(1) If you study other cultures then you realize that human nature is affected bydifferent perceptions of how the world works.(2) Once you begin to understandthe deepest dimensions of culture, it becomes easier to understand your ownvalues and beliefs.(3) Drawing on a global framework to understand humannature may cause you to question your own culture.(4) As a result, if you gaina better understanding of how culture impacts personal perspective, then you aremore likely to embrace different people from around the world.This paragraph follows reader responsible sequential progression.The topicof one sentence does not easily merge into the topic of the next sentence.Thefirst sentence provides an overview of the topic, which ties into the summaryof the final sentence.The difference, however, is that the second and thirdsentences do not have an obvious connection.For instance, the first sentenceclaims that a proper understanding of human nature should incorporatea view of culture.The second sentence loosely follows the first sentence byemphasizing the deepest dimensions of culture. Knowledge of cultural dimensions and their link with human nature isassumed in this reader responsible strategy.In other words, this sequenceassumes the reader knows cultural dimensions and understands their linkwith human nature.The third sentence follows a similar line of thought.Instead of taking the topic of sentence two, cultural dimensions, sentence threeemphasizes the value of a global framework and its connection with one svalues and beliefs. 86 Writing Around the World4.2.4 Positive and negative formsStatements may be shaped into positive or negative form.Putting statementsin positive form means that it makes definite positive assertions.And puttingstatements in negative form means that it makes definite negative assertions.Positive forms emphasize the positive syntax of a sentence whereas negativeforms emphasize the negative syntax of a sentence.The topic, individual per-sonality, and cultural values all inform the development of whether a state-ment assumes a positive or negative form.Writer responsible cultures emphasize the positive form of statements.Thismeans that writers are encouraged to make concrete or definite assertions.Writers should also avoid the use of the word not, as it indicates the denialof something.Further, the double negative is perceived as an injurious form ofsyntax.Placing statements in positive form also demands less of the reader, asit delivers one directly to the main idea.She is always late [writer responsible].He thinks studying culture is a waste of time [writer responsible].Logic is an uninteresting subject [writer responsible].Reader responsible cultures are more likely to emphasize the negative formof statements.In parts of eastern Europe, the negative form of statements isa normal part of writing.This means that using the word not is consideredan effective use of language.Unlike writer responsibility, not only is the wordnot an acceptable form among reader responsible cultures, its use as a doublenegative may be highly valued.In Russia, for instance, the double negative isa common feature of the linguistic landscape.She is not on time [reader responsible].He does not think studying culture is a good use of time [reader responsible].Logic is not an interesting subject [reader responsible].Both writer responsible and reader responsible cultures aim to communi-cate and exchange ideas.However, cultures use a variety of communicationstrategies.Writer responsible cultures emphasize the positive form of state-ments.Reader responsible cultures occupy the other end of the spectrum,which commonly supports the negative form of statements.4.2.5 Definite and indefinite languageAlthough language is an imperfect medium, there is considerable variation inthe standards by which its rules are applied.Some cultures value the concrete Writing Around the World 87use of language in which ideas are clearly and simply portrayed.Other culturesvalue a less concrete form of language in which ambiguity is built intocommunication.Although communication is fundamentally about exchang-ing information, there is considerable variation in the way cultures use itsmost basic tools.Writer responsible cultures use language to form clear and concrete ideas.The best way to achieve clarity is by using definite language.Presumably,using definite language reduces the number of errors introduced into a paper.Consequently, using definite language is likely to result in the efficient transferof ideas.If a driving purpose of writing is to make the reader think a particularidea, then definite language is a good vehicle for the task.It rains every day in Patagonia [writer responsible].She smiled as she ate a piece of candy [writer responsible].Reader responsible cultures use language to form unclear ideas.One ofthe best ways to achieve or build in ambiguity is to use indefinite language.The main reason reader responsible cultures use indefinite language is thatit helps lubricate the thick dynamics of group-oriented cultures.Ambiguityalso provides a measure of safety in communication because it may be inter-preted in multiple ways, thereby relieving one of responsibility.The writermay attempt to implant an idea into the reader s head, but she will do so usingambiguity [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.From a writerresponsible perspective, sequential progression appears complex, multifac-eted, and unfocused.(1) If you study other cultures then you realize that human nature is affected bydifferent perceptions of how the world works.(2) Once you begin to understandthe deepest dimensions of culture, it becomes easier to understand your ownvalues and beliefs.(3) Drawing on a global framework to understand humannature may cause you to question your own culture.(4) As a result, if you gaina better understanding of how culture impacts personal perspective, then you aremore likely to embrace different people from around the world.This paragraph follows reader responsible sequential progression.The topicof one sentence does not easily merge into the topic of the next sentence.Thefirst sentence provides an overview of the topic, which ties into the summaryof the final sentence.The difference, however, is that the second and thirdsentences do not have an obvious connection.For instance, the first sentenceclaims that a proper understanding of human nature should incorporatea view of culture.The second sentence loosely follows the first sentence byemphasizing the deepest dimensions of culture. Knowledge of cultural dimensions and their link with human nature isassumed in this reader responsible strategy.In other words, this sequenceassumes the reader knows cultural dimensions and understands their linkwith human nature.The third sentence follows a similar line of thought.Instead of taking the topic of sentence two, cultural dimensions, sentence threeemphasizes the value of a global framework and its connection with one svalues and beliefs. 86 Writing Around the World4.2.4 Positive and negative formsStatements may be shaped into positive or negative form.Putting statementsin positive form means that it makes definite positive assertions.And puttingstatements in negative form means that it makes definite negative assertions.Positive forms emphasize the positive syntax of a sentence whereas negativeforms emphasize the negative syntax of a sentence.The topic, individual per-sonality, and cultural values all inform the development of whether a state-ment assumes a positive or negative form.Writer responsible cultures emphasize the positive form of statements.Thismeans that writers are encouraged to make concrete or definite assertions.Writers should also avoid the use of the word not, as it indicates the denialof something.Further, the double negative is perceived as an injurious form ofsyntax.Placing statements in positive form also demands less of the reader, asit delivers one directly to the main idea.She is always late [writer responsible].He thinks studying culture is a waste of time [writer responsible].Logic is an uninteresting subject [writer responsible].Reader responsible cultures are more likely to emphasize the negative formof statements.In parts of eastern Europe, the negative form of statements isa normal part of writing.This means that using the word not is consideredan effective use of language.Unlike writer responsibility, not only is the wordnot an acceptable form among reader responsible cultures, its use as a doublenegative may be highly valued.In Russia, for instance, the double negative isa common feature of the linguistic landscape.She is not on time [reader responsible].He does not think studying culture is a good use of time [reader responsible].Logic is not an interesting subject [reader responsible].Both writer responsible and reader responsible cultures aim to communi-cate and exchange ideas.However, cultures use a variety of communicationstrategies.Writer responsible cultures emphasize the positive form of state-ments.Reader responsible cultures occupy the other end of the spectrum,which commonly supports the negative form of statements.4.2.5 Definite and indefinite languageAlthough language is an imperfect medium, there is considerable variation inthe standards by which its rules are applied.Some cultures value the concrete Writing Around the World 87use of language in which ideas are clearly and simply portrayed.Other culturesvalue a less concrete form of language in which ambiguity is built intocommunication.Although communication is fundamentally about exchang-ing information, there is considerable variation in the way cultures use itsmost basic tools.Writer responsible cultures use language to form clear and concrete ideas.The best way to achieve clarity is by using definite language.Presumably,using definite language reduces the number of errors introduced into a paper.Consequently, using definite language is likely to result in the efficient transferof ideas.If a driving purpose of writing is to make the reader think a particularidea, then definite language is a good vehicle for the task.It rains every day in Patagonia [writer responsible].She smiled as she ate a piece of candy [writer responsible].Reader responsible cultures use language to form unclear ideas.One ofthe best ways to achieve or build in ambiguity is to use indefinite language.The main reason reader responsible cultures use indefinite language is thatit helps lubricate the thick dynamics of group-oriented cultures.Ambiguityalso provides a measure of safety in communication because it may be inter-preted in multiple ways, thereby relieving one of responsibility.The writermay attempt to implant an idea into the reader s head, but she will do so usingambiguity [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]