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.The imper-ative of consistency was needed to protect America s once open intellectual heritagefrom challenges to the central claims of containment.Evidence to the contrary wasabandoned as not critical to the central hypothesis about the dangers of internationalCommunism.Once institutionalized, hypotheses central to the conceptual web ofcontainment became irrefutable.We made cultural investments in the model, namedheroes and villains, and memorialized sacrifices made by our ancestors as we learnedto attribute our security to their efforts.Then just as we were ready to declare victory,jihads against America surfaced in countries considered to be bastions of pro UnitedStates sentiment, stable pillars of our alliance system.3.Unfortunately, the rebels who challenge long-standing autocratic rulers maynot necessarily seek to expand the size of the winning coalition, but to seize controlof the state.4.Generally in long-standing autocratic regimes the leadership and not the peo-ple captures most of the gains the alliance provides.5.Bueno de Mesquita and Root (2000, pp.404 08).6.The connection between political survival and good governance is discussed inBueno de Mesquita and Root (2000) and Bueno de Mesquita and others (2003).7.That foreign aid serves as bribes from rich to poor countries was stressed byMorgenthau (1962, pp.301 09).Bueno de Mesquita and Smith (2007) provide ananalytical model that links the appeal of such deals to the size of a regime s winningcoalition.They concluded that the US was most likely to give aid to its friends221 15-7556-0 notes.qxd 5/9/08 9:59 PM Page 222222 Notes to Pages 6 9during the Cold War.Alternatively, as our theory suggests, the US buys alignmentthrough aid. 8.Economic rent refers to the difference between what a factor of production ispaid and how much it would need to be paid to remain in its current use.In perfectcompetition economic rents do not exist they would be eliminated by competitionwhen new firms enter a market.Rent seeking refers to activities that consumeresources to achieve a pure transfer of wealth from one sector, group, or individual toanother.These activities are wasteful because they use up resources without creatingadditional value for society at large.Lobbying for a monopoly is a good example ofone such wasteful activity.9.An example is the takeover of many privately owned firms and the expansionof state ownership during the U.S.-backed Marcos regime.When democracy wasreestablished in the Philippines, the weakness of mechanisms to prevent the misuse ofgovernment allowed the new leaders to continue the looting of the public treasurythat Marcos had begun.10.Internal conflict measures the level of political violence in the country and itsactual or potential impact on governance.Countries without armed opposition to thegovernment and in which the government does not indulge in arbitrary violence,direct or indirect, against its own people receive the highest rating.The lowest ratingreflects an ongoing civil war.11.Bueno de Mesquita and Root (2000).12.The resource curse is sometimes referred to as the Dutch disease (Sachs andWarner 1995, 2001; Sala-i-Martin and Subramanian 2003; The Dutch Disease, Econ-omist, November 26, 1977, pp.82 83).The original formulation of the resource cursefocused on the economic consequences of resource exports, causing the country scurrency to rise in value against other currencies and crowding out nonresourceexport activities.Ross (2001) found that between 1971and 1997 reliance on mineralwealth eroded democratic tendencies in a sample of 113 states.The discovery thatresource rents are likely to induce autocracy has expanded the scope of discussionabout the resource curse to include questions of governance.See also Ross (1999) andAuty (1993) on how mineral wealth stunts political development.13.Cohen and Chollet (2007).14.The return on investment is impaired by projects that yield an inflated rate ofreturn to the beneficiaries, who are generally regime loyalists.White elephants andcost overruns are among the commonplace reasons that the resource surplus does nottranslate into sustained income increases.15. Other things being equal, the stronger the donor s interest in creating anasymmetrical dependency relationship, the harder it is to do, since it is precisely thestrength of the donor s interest that creates his own dependency and thereby tends toequalize the dependency relationship (Baldwin 1985, p.308).16.Stohl (2007).A country was selected if there was a policy statement identifyingit as a participant in the antiterrorist coalition, if the country was in close proximityto terrorist sites, or if it had engaged in a quid pro quo exchange of compliance for 15-7556-0 notes.qxd 5/9/08 9:59 PM Page 223Notes to Pages 9 16 223arms.In 2006 the State Department listed twenty-eight countries that had joined thecoalition of the willing.17.Sudan receives funding from the International Military Education and Train-ing program.18.Center for Defense Information, U.S.Arms Exports and Military Assistance inthe Global War on Terror, Press release, September 27, 2007.19.Many Iraqis have cautioned the United States that the police and paramilitarybeing trained today will turn against this country tomorrow.The GAO reports that200,000 weapons are unaccounted for.Weapons have already landed in the hands ofinsurgents and criminals, yet, as of 2003, $2 billion more in arms deliveries is on theway (United States Government Accountability Office 2007).20.The new accounts are under Defense Department funds.21.Grimmett (2007).Between 2003 and 2006 the United States and Russia domi-nated arms sales to the developing world.The United States ranked first for three offour years, Russia second for three of these same four years.From 2003 to 2006, U.Stransfer agreements with developing nations totaled $34.1 billion in constant 2006 dol-lars, 32.4 percent of all such agreements.Russia s total was $25.8 billion, or 24.5 percent.22.Destler (1998, pp.89 107).Destler argues that the Clinton administration wasfar more interested in economic issues than strategic issues.23.Hook (2005, pp.12 15).The massive level of aid that was supplied to indus-trial allies in Europe had no equivalent in the third world, where aid flows were muchsmaller as a percentage of the recipient nations GDP.24.Edwards and others (2000, p.645).25.The military strategies that prevented the Soviet Union from spreading can beconsidered separately from the reasons for its eventual decline.26.Spulber (1997 and 2003).27.Page and Bouton (2006); Holsti (1998); Rielly (1995).28.With its feudalistic traditions repressed by socialism, Vietnam s population hasbeen inculcated with the belief that the path to education and self-betterment is opento everyone.Enthusiasm for economic improvement has spread through the popula-tion, which provides strong support for the government to open the economy.Reform-ers inside the Communist Party have started to make demands for pluralism that areas strong as the demands being made from the outside.The Philippines, by contrast,still struggles to implement economic reforms while its middle class dwindles.Chapter Two1.On November 15, 1977, the visit of the shah and Empress Farah to the WhiteHouse sparked protests from thousands of Iranian students studying in the UnitedStates.Former American hostages in Iran recall that the Islamic leaders who con-demned America were the very same ones requesting special favors and visas forfriends and families [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.The imper-ative of consistency was needed to protect America s once open intellectual heritagefrom challenges to the central claims of containment.Evidence to the contrary wasabandoned as not critical to the central hypothesis about the dangers of internationalCommunism.Once institutionalized, hypotheses central to the conceptual web ofcontainment became irrefutable.We made cultural investments in the model, namedheroes and villains, and memorialized sacrifices made by our ancestors as we learnedto attribute our security to their efforts.Then just as we were ready to declare victory,jihads against America surfaced in countries considered to be bastions of pro UnitedStates sentiment, stable pillars of our alliance system.3.Unfortunately, the rebels who challenge long-standing autocratic rulers maynot necessarily seek to expand the size of the winning coalition, but to seize controlof the state.4.Generally in long-standing autocratic regimes the leadership and not the peo-ple captures most of the gains the alliance provides.5.Bueno de Mesquita and Root (2000, pp.404 08).6.The connection between political survival and good governance is discussed inBueno de Mesquita and Root (2000) and Bueno de Mesquita and others (2003).7.That foreign aid serves as bribes from rich to poor countries was stressed byMorgenthau (1962, pp.301 09).Bueno de Mesquita and Smith (2007) provide ananalytical model that links the appeal of such deals to the size of a regime s winningcoalition.They concluded that the US was most likely to give aid to its friends221 15-7556-0 notes.qxd 5/9/08 9:59 PM Page 222222 Notes to Pages 6 9during the Cold War.Alternatively, as our theory suggests, the US buys alignmentthrough aid. 8.Economic rent refers to the difference between what a factor of production ispaid and how much it would need to be paid to remain in its current use.In perfectcompetition economic rents do not exist they would be eliminated by competitionwhen new firms enter a market.Rent seeking refers to activities that consumeresources to achieve a pure transfer of wealth from one sector, group, or individual toanother.These activities are wasteful because they use up resources without creatingadditional value for society at large.Lobbying for a monopoly is a good example ofone such wasteful activity.9.An example is the takeover of many privately owned firms and the expansionof state ownership during the U.S.-backed Marcos regime.When democracy wasreestablished in the Philippines, the weakness of mechanisms to prevent the misuse ofgovernment allowed the new leaders to continue the looting of the public treasurythat Marcos had begun.10.Internal conflict measures the level of political violence in the country and itsactual or potential impact on governance.Countries without armed opposition to thegovernment and in which the government does not indulge in arbitrary violence,direct or indirect, against its own people receive the highest rating.The lowest ratingreflects an ongoing civil war.11.Bueno de Mesquita and Root (2000).12.The resource curse is sometimes referred to as the Dutch disease (Sachs andWarner 1995, 2001; Sala-i-Martin and Subramanian 2003; The Dutch Disease, Econ-omist, November 26, 1977, pp.82 83).The original formulation of the resource cursefocused on the economic consequences of resource exports, causing the country scurrency to rise in value against other currencies and crowding out nonresourceexport activities.Ross (2001) found that between 1971and 1997 reliance on mineralwealth eroded democratic tendencies in a sample of 113 states.The discovery thatresource rents are likely to induce autocracy has expanded the scope of discussionabout the resource curse to include questions of governance.See also Ross (1999) andAuty (1993) on how mineral wealth stunts political development.13.Cohen and Chollet (2007).14.The return on investment is impaired by projects that yield an inflated rate ofreturn to the beneficiaries, who are generally regime loyalists.White elephants andcost overruns are among the commonplace reasons that the resource surplus does nottranslate into sustained income increases.15. Other things being equal, the stronger the donor s interest in creating anasymmetrical dependency relationship, the harder it is to do, since it is precisely thestrength of the donor s interest that creates his own dependency and thereby tends toequalize the dependency relationship (Baldwin 1985, p.308).16.Stohl (2007).A country was selected if there was a policy statement identifyingit as a participant in the antiterrorist coalition, if the country was in close proximityto terrorist sites, or if it had engaged in a quid pro quo exchange of compliance for 15-7556-0 notes.qxd 5/9/08 9:59 PM Page 223Notes to Pages 9 16 223arms.In 2006 the State Department listed twenty-eight countries that had joined thecoalition of the willing.17.Sudan receives funding from the International Military Education and Train-ing program.18.Center for Defense Information, U.S.Arms Exports and Military Assistance inthe Global War on Terror, Press release, September 27, 2007.19.Many Iraqis have cautioned the United States that the police and paramilitarybeing trained today will turn against this country tomorrow.The GAO reports that200,000 weapons are unaccounted for.Weapons have already landed in the hands ofinsurgents and criminals, yet, as of 2003, $2 billion more in arms deliveries is on theway (United States Government Accountability Office 2007).20.The new accounts are under Defense Department funds.21.Grimmett (2007).Between 2003 and 2006 the United States and Russia domi-nated arms sales to the developing world.The United States ranked first for three offour years, Russia second for three of these same four years.From 2003 to 2006, U.Stransfer agreements with developing nations totaled $34.1 billion in constant 2006 dol-lars, 32.4 percent of all such agreements.Russia s total was $25.8 billion, or 24.5 percent.22.Destler (1998, pp.89 107).Destler argues that the Clinton administration wasfar more interested in economic issues than strategic issues.23.Hook (2005, pp.12 15).The massive level of aid that was supplied to indus-trial allies in Europe had no equivalent in the third world, where aid flows were muchsmaller as a percentage of the recipient nations GDP.24.Edwards and others (2000, p.645).25.The military strategies that prevented the Soviet Union from spreading can beconsidered separately from the reasons for its eventual decline.26.Spulber (1997 and 2003).27.Page and Bouton (2006); Holsti (1998); Rielly (1995).28.With its feudalistic traditions repressed by socialism, Vietnam s population hasbeen inculcated with the belief that the path to education and self-betterment is opento everyone.Enthusiasm for economic improvement has spread through the popula-tion, which provides strong support for the government to open the economy.Reform-ers inside the Communist Party have started to make demands for pluralism that areas strong as the demands being made from the outside.The Philippines, by contrast,still struggles to implement economic reforms while its middle class dwindles.Chapter Two1.On November 15, 1977, the visit of the shah and Empress Farah to the WhiteHouse sparked protests from thousands of Iranian students studying in the UnitedStates.Former American hostages in Iran recall that the Islamic leaders who con-demned America were the very same ones requesting special favors and visas forfriends and families [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]