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.Historically Zielona Góra was a Slav settlement, belonging to the/duchy of %7Å‚agaÅ„-Glogów up until the second half of the 13th century.An-nexed by Prussia in 1742, its Polish tradition survived the heavy Ger-manization of the local population and reemerged in 1923 in the Leagueof Poles in Germany.The region returned to Poland in 1945.Its Germanpopulation fled to Germany and was replaced with Poles, many of themcoming from the eastern territories annexed by the Union of Soviet So-cialist Republics (USSR)./ZIÓLKOWSKI, JANUSZ (1924 ).A sociology Professor at PoznaÅ„/University and rector in 1981, Ziólkowski was dismissed for supportingSolidarity.A member of the Civic Committee, he participated in the/Round Table and was elected a Solidarity senator in 1989.Ziólkowski 03-129 R-Z 6/24/03 2:30 PM Page 230230 " ZNAKhad, earlier in his career, edited the PoznaÅ„-based, international affairsjournal, Western Affairs; he became an influential secretary of state for/international affairs in Lech WalÄ™sa s presidential chancellery in 1991.ZNAK (The Sign).An autonomous group of progressive Catholics,which was licensed by the Communist authorities from 1957 to 1976.These social-catholic intellectuals and free professionals were associ-ated with such publications as Tygodnik Powszechny (UniversalWeekly), Znak (The Sign) and WiÄ™z (The Link) and with Catholic In-tellectuals Clubs (KiKs).They were also granted a circle of about threeto five deputies in the Sejm, which was the nearest thing to a recog-nized opposition in any Communist parliament in the 1960s.In 1968,for example, they openly criticized the March Events in an inter-pellation (parliamentary question) to the prime minister.This circlewas quite distinct from the fellow traveling PAX or the Christian So-cial Union, which criticized the Catholic hierarchy.Although split byEdward Gierek in 1976, the movement provided many activists laterboth for Solidarity and post-Communist parties and governments,while WiÄ™z remained highly influential in the 1990s.See also ROMANCATHOLICISM./ /%7Å‚ÓLKIEWSKI, STANISLAW.See HETMAN./%7Å‚ÓLKIEWSKI, STEFAN (1901 1991).Writer and literary critic./Zólkiewski was a very representative figure among the progressive Com-munist intelligentsia.He was a literary and academic figure, as editorvariously of Kuznica, Polityka, and Nowa Kultura and a Warsaw Uni-versity and Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) professor.But he wasalso a Polish United Workers Party (PZPR) cultural functionary aswell as minister of higher education and Sejm deputy.As a leading lightof the Polish October, he was finally purged in 1968, although he con-tinued as a critical oppositionist subsequently./%7Å‚WIRKO (FRANCISZEK) and WIGURA (STANISLAW).Celebratedinterwar aviators who won the prestigious Wheeler-Bennett ChallengeTrophy in 1932.They perished in an aircraft accident that same year.ZYCH, JÓZEF (1938 ).Lawyer and Peasant Party politician.Elected tothe Sejm in 1989, he became a leader of the Polish Peasant Party-Rebirth(PSL-Odrodzenie) faction, which developed out of the old United Peas- 03-129 R-Z 6/24/03 2:30 PM Page 231ZYGMUNT I STARY ( THE OLD, 1467 1548) " 231ant Party (ZSL) of the Communist period in 1990.It subsequently joinedthe reunited PSL, and Zych was its deputy chairman for the early-to-mid-1990s.A Sejm deputy from 1989 onward, Zych became vice-marshal in1991 and achieved his ardent ambition of becoming Sejm marshal, from1995 to 1997.%7Å‚YCICSKI, JÓZEF (1948 ).Roman Catholic cleric and theologian.Aprofessor at the Papal Theological Academy in Kraków, he becamebishop of Tarnów in 1990.He has, since 1997, been the archbishop ofLublin and is the grand chancellor of the Catholic University of Lublin(KUL).A prominent writer, he has contributed regularly to majorCatholic journals, such as WiÄ™z (Links) and Tygodnik Powszechny (Uni-.versal Weekly).ZyciÅ„ski is one of the most prominent clerical advocatesof Poland s participation in a social-Catholic Europe.ZYGMUNT I STARY ( The Old, 1467 1548).King of Poland and grandduke of Lithuania, from 1506 to 1548.His second wife, Bona Sforza ofAragon (1494 1557), played an influential role in the politics of thetime, supporting Zygmunt s efforts to establish an absolutist monarchy.This attempt to limit gentry privileges and the growing power of theSejm and Senate led to the formulation of the program of the Execu-tion of the Laws by the medium gentry from 1525 onward.Demandsarose for the redistribution of lands held by the church and the great, es-pecially court, magnates.A premonition of future developments inPoland s history was that the first rokosz occurred in 1537, although therevolt was resolved by a compromise.Zygmunt was, however, blessedwith a series of short-term foreign policy successes.In 1515 he estab-lished an alliance with the Habsburgs.This eventually ceded them thethrones of Bohemia and Hungary.But it allowed Zygmunt to forcethe Teutonic Knights into establishing a secular state in Prussia forwhich they paid the Prussian Homage to the Polish crown in 1525.Thefollowing year, when the local dynasty died out, he incorporated Ma-zowsze into Poland.Despite the growing political and social conflicts of his time, Zyg-munt s reign was the Golden Age of Renaissance arts and culture inPoland.This continued during the reign of his son Zygmunt II Augustus(1548 1572).Queen Bona had insisted on having the latter crowned in1530 during the lifetime of his father, in order to ensure his succession.She continued to influence Polish politics until 1556 when her son finallyforced her to return to Italy. 03-129 R-Z 6/24/03 2:30 PM Page 232/232 " %7Å‚YMIERSKI, MICHAL ( ROLA, 1890 1989)/%7Å‚YMIERSKI, MICHAL ( Rola, 1890 1989).Marshal.%7Å‚ymierski, a/career officer cashiered by Józef Pilsudski, commanded the People sArmy (AL) on the Eastern front in 1944 1945, when he was made a mar-shal.He was never really trusted by the Communists, who subsequentlymarginalized him.Because of his longevity, Edward Gierek and Woj-ciech Jaruzelski later used him for symbolic and ceremonial purposes. 03-129 Bib 6/24/03 2:25 PM Page 233Select BibliographyINTRODUCTIONThere is an enormous literature in English on Poland, so the bibliographyhas had to be highly selective.The emphasis has been placed on the mostrecent books on Poland s history as well as on its development since WorldWar II.The sections on culture, geography, and socioeconomic aspects andthe like have largely been designed to provide indicators for further read-ing as well as to convey some of the flavor of the subject.Unlike the dic-tionaries on some African and Asian countries, this volume, on an advancedEuropean nation and civilization with an extremely rich and diverse histor-ical experience as well as a turbulent present, has had to be somewhat morelimited in the scope of its coverage.It is designed, however, to provide aguide as to how the reader should dig deeper into the crucial historical andpolitical aspects.The most useful general bibliographies, listed in the general referencesection, include the following.August Kanka, Poland.An Annotated Bibli-ography of Books in English, provides a large number of titles, but itscoverage is thinly spread throughout the 20th century and even earlier.Thevolumes on Poland by Richard Lewanski, George Sanford, and AdrianaGozdecka-Sanford, in the Clio World Bibliographical series, are more up todate and provide authoritative comment in their annotations [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl matkasanepid.xlx.pl
.Historically Zielona Góra was a Slav settlement, belonging to the/duchy of %7Å‚agaÅ„-Glogów up until the second half of the 13th century.An-nexed by Prussia in 1742, its Polish tradition survived the heavy Ger-manization of the local population and reemerged in 1923 in the Leagueof Poles in Germany.The region returned to Poland in 1945.Its Germanpopulation fled to Germany and was replaced with Poles, many of themcoming from the eastern territories annexed by the Union of Soviet So-cialist Republics (USSR)./ZIÓLKOWSKI, JANUSZ (1924 ).A sociology Professor at PoznaÅ„/University and rector in 1981, Ziólkowski was dismissed for supportingSolidarity.A member of the Civic Committee, he participated in the/Round Table and was elected a Solidarity senator in 1989.Ziólkowski 03-129 R-Z 6/24/03 2:30 PM Page 230230 " ZNAKhad, earlier in his career, edited the PoznaÅ„-based, international affairsjournal, Western Affairs; he became an influential secretary of state for/international affairs in Lech WalÄ™sa s presidential chancellery in 1991.ZNAK (The Sign).An autonomous group of progressive Catholics,which was licensed by the Communist authorities from 1957 to 1976.These social-catholic intellectuals and free professionals were associ-ated with such publications as Tygodnik Powszechny (UniversalWeekly), Znak (The Sign) and WiÄ™z (The Link) and with Catholic In-tellectuals Clubs (KiKs).They were also granted a circle of about threeto five deputies in the Sejm, which was the nearest thing to a recog-nized opposition in any Communist parliament in the 1960s.In 1968,for example, they openly criticized the March Events in an inter-pellation (parliamentary question) to the prime minister.This circlewas quite distinct from the fellow traveling PAX or the Christian So-cial Union, which criticized the Catholic hierarchy.Although split byEdward Gierek in 1976, the movement provided many activists laterboth for Solidarity and post-Communist parties and governments,while WiÄ™z remained highly influential in the 1990s.See also ROMANCATHOLICISM./ /%7Å‚ÓLKIEWSKI, STANISLAW.See HETMAN./%7Å‚ÓLKIEWSKI, STEFAN (1901 1991).Writer and literary critic./Zólkiewski was a very representative figure among the progressive Com-munist intelligentsia.He was a literary and academic figure, as editorvariously of Kuznica, Polityka, and Nowa Kultura and a Warsaw Uni-versity and Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) professor.But he wasalso a Polish United Workers Party (PZPR) cultural functionary aswell as minister of higher education and Sejm deputy.As a leading lightof the Polish October, he was finally purged in 1968, although he con-tinued as a critical oppositionist subsequently./%7Å‚WIRKO (FRANCISZEK) and WIGURA (STANISLAW).Celebratedinterwar aviators who won the prestigious Wheeler-Bennett ChallengeTrophy in 1932.They perished in an aircraft accident that same year.ZYCH, JÓZEF (1938 ).Lawyer and Peasant Party politician.Elected tothe Sejm in 1989, he became a leader of the Polish Peasant Party-Rebirth(PSL-Odrodzenie) faction, which developed out of the old United Peas- 03-129 R-Z 6/24/03 2:30 PM Page 231ZYGMUNT I STARY ( THE OLD, 1467 1548) " 231ant Party (ZSL) of the Communist period in 1990.It subsequently joinedthe reunited PSL, and Zych was its deputy chairman for the early-to-mid-1990s.A Sejm deputy from 1989 onward, Zych became vice-marshal in1991 and achieved his ardent ambition of becoming Sejm marshal, from1995 to 1997.%7Å‚YCICSKI, JÓZEF (1948 ).Roman Catholic cleric and theologian.Aprofessor at the Papal Theological Academy in Kraków, he becamebishop of Tarnów in 1990.He has, since 1997, been the archbishop ofLublin and is the grand chancellor of the Catholic University of Lublin(KUL).A prominent writer, he has contributed regularly to majorCatholic journals, such as WiÄ™z (Links) and Tygodnik Powszechny (Uni-.versal Weekly).ZyciÅ„ski is one of the most prominent clerical advocatesof Poland s participation in a social-Catholic Europe.ZYGMUNT I STARY ( The Old, 1467 1548).King of Poland and grandduke of Lithuania, from 1506 to 1548.His second wife, Bona Sforza ofAragon (1494 1557), played an influential role in the politics of thetime, supporting Zygmunt s efforts to establish an absolutist monarchy.This attempt to limit gentry privileges and the growing power of theSejm and Senate led to the formulation of the program of the Execu-tion of the Laws by the medium gentry from 1525 onward.Demandsarose for the redistribution of lands held by the church and the great, es-pecially court, magnates.A premonition of future developments inPoland s history was that the first rokosz occurred in 1537, although therevolt was resolved by a compromise.Zygmunt was, however, blessedwith a series of short-term foreign policy successes.In 1515 he estab-lished an alliance with the Habsburgs.This eventually ceded them thethrones of Bohemia and Hungary.But it allowed Zygmunt to forcethe Teutonic Knights into establishing a secular state in Prussia forwhich they paid the Prussian Homage to the Polish crown in 1525.Thefollowing year, when the local dynasty died out, he incorporated Ma-zowsze into Poland.Despite the growing political and social conflicts of his time, Zyg-munt s reign was the Golden Age of Renaissance arts and culture inPoland.This continued during the reign of his son Zygmunt II Augustus(1548 1572).Queen Bona had insisted on having the latter crowned in1530 during the lifetime of his father, in order to ensure his succession.She continued to influence Polish politics until 1556 when her son finallyforced her to return to Italy. 03-129 R-Z 6/24/03 2:30 PM Page 232/232 " %7Å‚YMIERSKI, MICHAL ( ROLA, 1890 1989)/%7Å‚YMIERSKI, MICHAL ( Rola, 1890 1989).Marshal.%7Å‚ymierski, a/career officer cashiered by Józef Pilsudski, commanded the People sArmy (AL) on the Eastern front in 1944 1945, when he was made a mar-shal.He was never really trusted by the Communists, who subsequentlymarginalized him.Because of his longevity, Edward Gierek and Woj-ciech Jaruzelski later used him for symbolic and ceremonial purposes. 03-129 Bib 6/24/03 2:25 PM Page 233Select BibliographyINTRODUCTIONThere is an enormous literature in English on Poland, so the bibliographyhas had to be highly selective.The emphasis has been placed on the mostrecent books on Poland s history as well as on its development since WorldWar II.The sections on culture, geography, and socioeconomic aspects andthe like have largely been designed to provide indicators for further read-ing as well as to convey some of the flavor of the subject.Unlike the dic-tionaries on some African and Asian countries, this volume, on an advancedEuropean nation and civilization with an extremely rich and diverse histor-ical experience as well as a turbulent present, has had to be somewhat morelimited in the scope of its coverage.It is designed, however, to provide aguide as to how the reader should dig deeper into the crucial historical andpolitical aspects.The most useful general bibliographies, listed in the general referencesection, include the following.August Kanka, Poland.An Annotated Bibli-ography of Books in English, provides a large number of titles, but itscoverage is thinly spread throughout the 20th century and even earlier.Thevolumes on Poland by Richard Lewanski, George Sanford, and AdrianaGozdecka-Sanford, in the Clio World Bibliographical series, are more up todate and provide authoritative comment in their annotations [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]