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. For thosesailing through Liverpool, more came from Ulster and Leinster. 70ÓGUada provides more precise data from his examination of the NewYork Passenger Lists between 1820 and 1848.These figures are shownin columns 4 6 in Table 2.6.If the estimates are taken at face value, thenUlster continued to be an important source of immigrants to the UnitedStates into the early famine years.The major change is a decline in theshare from Leinster and an increase in the share from Connacht.Another attempt to use U.S.data to estimate the regional origins ofimmigration employs the records of the Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank.This bank was established in 1850 in New York City to serve Irish immi-grants.71 The account records of this bank include information on name,date of arrival, and county of origin of the depositors.The regional ori-gins before and after 1845 are summarized in columns 7 and 8 of Ta-ble 2.6.These estimates partially support the large change in regionalorigins found in total Irish emigration.Ulster became a less importantsource of emigration after 1845, although Leinster did not.In turn, Mun-ster, rather than Connacht, became more important.Overall, the SavingsBank estimates in Table 2.6 indicate substantially more immigrants to theUnited States from Leinster and fewer from Connacht than in the totalemigration data.The differences could be due to a number of factors.Notall of the Irish emigrants came to the United States.Not all of the Irishimmigrants to the United States lived in New York City.Moreover, notall of the Irish who lived in New York City opened accounts at the Emi-grant Industrial Savings Bank.Leinster immigrants, for example, camefrom a richer part of Ireland, and may have been more likely to have asavings account.Similar criticisms also apply to the estimates from theNew York Passenger Lists discussed earlier.Immigration from Ireland has some broad similarities to that fromGermany.In both cases, early immigration was centered in one region of69Fitzpatrick, Emigration, pp.568 9, 609, indicates that, until the late 1840s, fewerIrish lived in the United States than in Britain.Even in 1861, only 56% of the Irish livingoutside of Ireland were in the United States.70Cousens, Regional Variation, p.18.71ÓGráda, Famine. For an attempt to infer regional origins based on the last names ofthe Irish, see Ferrie, New View. 40 Mass Migration Under Sailthe country.In both cases, immigration spread over time to most or all ofthe other regions in each country, and immigration continued from theearlier areas.The evidence specific to U.S.immigrants is more confusing,although at least one of the provinces Ulster in one set of estimates andLeinster in the other that was an early source of immigrants declinedin relative importance.Thus, one of the other provinces became a moreimportant source of immigrants over time, although again the two sourcesdiffer on which province.In summary, a good deal of work remains to bedone in determining the regional origins of Irish immigrants to the UnitedStates.Immigration from Great BritainAn approximate idea of the origins of the immigrants from Great Britain isgiven in Table 2.4, because the nativity information is provided separatelyfor England, Scotland, and Wales.According to these data, immigrantsfrom England accounted for 74 percent of the total from Great Britainduring the antebellum period.Immigrants from Scotland comprise 19percent and those from Wales 8 percent of the total.If Scotland is viewedas a separate country, then as many immigrants came from there as fromFrance, and many more came from either country than from Switzer-land or Norway/Sweden or the Netherlands or Wales.Thus, this sectionexamines the regional origins of immigration from England and Scotland.Very little consistent data exist on the regional origins of British immi-gration [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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. For thosesailing through Liverpool, more came from Ulster and Leinster. 70ÓGUada provides more precise data from his examination of the NewYork Passenger Lists between 1820 and 1848.These figures are shownin columns 4 6 in Table 2.6.If the estimates are taken at face value, thenUlster continued to be an important source of immigrants to the UnitedStates into the early famine years.The major change is a decline in theshare from Leinster and an increase in the share from Connacht.Another attempt to use U.S.data to estimate the regional origins ofimmigration employs the records of the Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank.This bank was established in 1850 in New York City to serve Irish immi-grants.71 The account records of this bank include information on name,date of arrival, and county of origin of the depositors.The regional ori-gins before and after 1845 are summarized in columns 7 and 8 of Ta-ble 2.6.These estimates partially support the large change in regionalorigins found in total Irish emigration.Ulster became a less importantsource of emigration after 1845, although Leinster did not.In turn, Mun-ster, rather than Connacht, became more important.Overall, the SavingsBank estimates in Table 2.6 indicate substantially more immigrants to theUnited States from Leinster and fewer from Connacht than in the totalemigration data.The differences could be due to a number of factors.Notall of the Irish emigrants came to the United States.Not all of the Irishimmigrants to the United States lived in New York City.Moreover, notall of the Irish who lived in New York City opened accounts at the Emi-grant Industrial Savings Bank.Leinster immigrants, for example, camefrom a richer part of Ireland, and may have been more likely to have asavings account.Similar criticisms also apply to the estimates from theNew York Passenger Lists discussed earlier.Immigration from Ireland has some broad similarities to that fromGermany.In both cases, early immigration was centered in one region of69Fitzpatrick, Emigration, pp.568 9, 609, indicates that, until the late 1840s, fewerIrish lived in the United States than in Britain.Even in 1861, only 56% of the Irish livingoutside of Ireland were in the United States.70Cousens, Regional Variation, p.18.71ÓGráda, Famine. For an attempt to infer regional origins based on the last names ofthe Irish, see Ferrie, New View. 40 Mass Migration Under Sailthe country.In both cases, immigration spread over time to most or all ofthe other regions in each country, and immigration continued from theearlier areas.The evidence specific to U.S.immigrants is more confusing,although at least one of the provinces Ulster in one set of estimates andLeinster in the other that was an early source of immigrants declinedin relative importance.Thus, one of the other provinces became a moreimportant source of immigrants over time, although again the two sourcesdiffer on which province.In summary, a good deal of work remains to bedone in determining the regional origins of Irish immigrants to the UnitedStates.Immigration from Great BritainAn approximate idea of the origins of the immigrants from Great Britain isgiven in Table 2.4, because the nativity information is provided separatelyfor England, Scotland, and Wales.According to these data, immigrantsfrom England accounted for 74 percent of the total from Great Britainduring the antebellum period.Immigrants from Scotland comprise 19percent and those from Wales 8 percent of the total.If Scotland is viewedas a separate country, then as many immigrants came from there as fromFrance, and many more came from either country than from Switzer-land or Norway/Sweden or the Netherlands or Wales.Thus, this sectionexamines the regional origins of immigration from England and Scotland.Very little consistent data exist on the regional origins of British immi-gration [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]